The U.S. economy grew at a "modest to moderate" pace over the September to early October period, according to the latest Federal Reserve Beige Book. This is the same characterization of economic growth that has been in place since the end of April.
Consumer spending grew modestly in most Districts. Momentum remained strong for auto sales. Elsewhere, retail sales were characterized as "steady", with retailers remaining optimistic about the upcoming holiday season.
Residential construction increased at a moderate pace across Districts, particularly in the multifamily sector. Nonresidential construction on the other hand increased at a modest pace, but the outlook for commercial real estate was generally positive, amidst falling vacancy rates and rising rents.
Overall, business spending grew only modestly in most Districts, but several noted an improvement in capital spending plans.
Manufacturing activity generally grew at a modest pace, with the automotive and aerospace sectors representing a continued source of strength.
In terms of the labor market, employment growth remained modest, with several Districts reporting that employers were cautious given current fiscal uncertainty.
Key Implications
In the absence of most government data releases, the Beige Book takes on added importance in gauging the state of the recovery. The period covered by the survey includes the weeks leading up to, as well as the first week of the government shutdown. The fact that the characterization of the economy remains unchanged is a positive signal, underscoring resilience in the face of government furloughs and declining consumer confidence.
Overall, although the characterization of the economy remained unchanged, the tone of the report appeared somewhat more subdued relative to previous editions. A notable theme across different sections of the report was the issue of uncertainty, mostly from the government shutdown and debt ceiling debate, but also from the rise in mortgage rates. However, even with this degree of uncertainty, a number of forward-looking indicators remained upbeat suggesting that beyond the fiscal uncertainty, the underlying guts of the recovery remain intact.
With the news that the Senate has struck a deal to end the shutdown and raise the debt ceiling, political uncertainty should subside at least in the immediate term. To some extent, the damage is already done. Relative to our September basecase forecast of 2.6% real GDP growth in Q4, the shutdown will likely drag growth closer to 2% than 3%.
Consumer spending grew modestly in most Districts. Momentum remained strong for auto sales. Elsewhere, retail sales were characterized as "steady", with retailers remaining optimistic about the upcoming holiday season.
Residential construction increased at a moderate pace across Districts, particularly in the multifamily sector. Nonresidential construction on the other hand increased at a modest pace, but the outlook for commercial real estate was generally positive, amidst falling vacancy rates and rising rents.
Overall, business spending grew only modestly in most Districts, but several noted an improvement in capital spending plans.
Manufacturing activity generally grew at a modest pace, with the automotive and aerospace sectors representing a continued source of strength.
In terms of the labor market, employment growth remained modest, with several Districts reporting that employers were cautious given current fiscal uncertainty.
Key Implications
In the absence of most government data releases, the Beige Book takes on added importance in gauging the state of the recovery. The period covered by the survey includes the weeks leading up to, as well as the first week of the government shutdown. The fact that the characterization of the economy remains unchanged is a positive signal, underscoring resilience in the face of government furloughs and declining consumer confidence.
Overall, although the characterization of the economy remained unchanged, the tone of the report appeared somewhat more subdued relative to previous editions. A notable theme across different sections of the report was the issue of uncertainty, mostly from the government shutdown and debt ceiling debate, but also from the rise in mortgage rates. However, even with this degree of uncertainty, a number of forward-looking indicators remained upbeat suggesting that beyond the fiscal uncertainty, the underlying guts of the recovery remain intact.
With the news that the Senate has struck a deal to end the shutdown and raise the debt ceiling, political uncertainty should subside at least in the immediate term. To some extent, the damage is already done. Relative to our September basecase forecast of 2.6% real GDP growth in Q4, the shutdown will likely drag growth closer to 2% than 3%.

Foreign goods become more expensive
è Demand for imports falls
It would seem logical that if the dollar weakens, the trade balance will improve, as exports would rise. However, this does not always happen. U.S. trade balance usually worsens for a few months.
The J–curve explains why the trade position does not improve soon after the weakening of a currency. Most import/export orders are taken months in advance. Immediately after a currency’s value drops, the volume of imports remains about the same, but the prices in terms of the home currency rise. On the other hand, the value of the domestic exports remains the same, and the difference in values worsens the trade balance until the imports and exports adjust to the new exchange rates.
Exchange rates are an important consideration when making international investment decisions. The money invested overseas incurs an exchange rate risk.
When an investor decides to "cash out," or bring his money home, any gains could be magnified or wiped out depending on the change in the exchange rates in the interim. Thus, changes in exchange rates can have many repercussions on an economy:
Affects the prices of imported goods
Affects the overall level of price and wage inflation
Influences tourism patterns
May influence consumers’ buying decisions and investors’ long-term commitments.

